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: The struggle between Catholics and Protestants (Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation) became a central driver of European politics.

: Denmark, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, and Russia (joined via supply support).

: Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden).

This treaty ended the war and laid the foundation for modern international relations:

: France and Sweden gained significant lands; the independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland was officially recognized.