The 1832 Treaty of Constantinople established a small, sovereign Greek kingdom.

Today, the country focuses on digital transformation, renewable energy, and its role as a stable pillar in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The arrival of King Otto brought Bavarian-style bureaucracy and the establishment of the University of Athens. The Era of Upheaval (1912–1949)

The 1922 defeat in Asia Minor led to a massive population exchange with Turkey, permanently altering Greek society.

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