Features like vertical shafts for underground tests or horizontal tunnels bored into mountains (e.g., Punggye-ri in North Korea).

An Arctic archipelago used for 130 detonations, including the Tsar Bomba —the largest nuclear device ever tested.

The Soviet Union's primary testing ground from 1949 to 1989. It hosted 456 nuclear explosions, including the first Soviet nuclear device, RDS-1 .

Reinforced bunkers or mobile remote-control ships (like the Emba at Novaya Zemlya ) used to trigger detonations from a safe distance.