Rubia (2022) Direct

The review concludes that while these treatments are attractive due to their compared to stimulant medication, results have been inconsistent.

The review synthesizes three decades of research, specifically focusing on the transition from identifying brain differences in ADHD through MRI to targeting those deficits with modern neurotherapeutics. Rubia (2022)

The article is frequently cited in discussions about the limitations of current ADHD drug therapies, which often lack long-term safety evidence and may be less preferred by parents and clinicians than non-pharmacological alternatives. The review concludes that while these treatments are

: Rubia suggests that "one-size-fits-all" approaches are likely to fail. Future success depends on personalizing treatment based on a patient’s neurocognitive or brain-imaging patterns. Clinical Context For a deep dive into the specific data

: Using EEG (most common), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and functional MRI (fMRI).

For a deep dive into the specific data on fMRI-NF protocols, you can access the full article on Wiley Online Library .